Biology

Program Requirements Course Categories for Biology Programs The program descriptions below make use of the following course categories that are defined in the Bachelor of Science Regulations in this Calendar. Science Faculty Electives Advanced Science Faculty Electives Science Continuation Science Geography Science Psychology Approved Courses Outside the Faculties of Science and Engineering and Design Free Electives Restricted Courses: Students in the Biology B.Sc., Biology B.Sc. Major, and Biology B.Sc. Honours programs (except students in the Biology B.A, Biology B.A. Honours and Biology B.A. Combined Honours programs) may use Technology, Society, Environment courses TSES 3001 , TSES 3002 , TSES 3500 , TSES 4001 , TSES 4002 , TSES 4003 , TSES 4005 , TSES 4006 , TSES 4007 to fulfill degree requirements, but only as free electives. Bioinformatics B.Sc. Honours (20.0 credits)

Biology B.Sc. (15.0 credits) Note: some advanced Biology courses with laboratory components will not be available to students enrolling in the B.Sc. program. A. Credits included in the Major CGPA (6.5 credits) 1. 1.5 credit in: 1.5 BIOL 1103 [0.5] Foundations of Biology I BIOL 1104 [0.5] Foundations of Biology II BIOL 1105 [0.5] Introduction to Biological Data 2. 2.0 credits from: 2.0 BIOL 2001 [0.5] Animals: Form and Function BIOL 2002 [0.5] Plants: Form and Function BIOL 2107 [0.5] Fundamentals of Genetics BIOL 2201 [0.5] Cell Biology and Biochemistry BIOL 2303 [0.5] Microbiology BIOL 2600 [0.5] Ecology 3. 0.5 credit in: 0.5 BIOL 3306 [0.5] Human Anatomy and Physiology 4. 2.5 credits from BIOL at the 2000-level and 3000-level or higher 2.5 B. Credits Not Included in the Major CGPA (8.5 credits) 5. 1.0 credit in: 1.0 CHEM 1001 [0.5] & CHEM 1002 [0.5] General Chemistry I General Chemistry II 6. 0.5 credit in: 0.5 MATH 1007 [0.5] Elementary Calculus I 7. 1.0 credit from: 1.0 COMP 1005 [0.5] Introduction to Computer Science I COMP 1006 [0.5] Introduction to Computer Science II MATH 1107 [0.5] Linear Algebra I PHYS 1007 [0.5] Elementary University Physics I or PHYS 1003 [0.5] Introductory Mechanics and Thermodynamics PHYS 1008 [0.5] Elementary University Physics II or PHYS 1004 [0.5] Introductory Electromagnetism and Wave Motion STAT 2507 [0.5] Introduction to Statistical Modeling I 8. 2.0 credits in Science Continuation (not in BIOL) 2.0 9. 1.0 credit in Science Faculty Electives 1.0 10. 2.0 credits in Approved Courses Outside the Faculties of Science and Engineering and Design (may include ISAP 1000 ) 2.0 11. 1.0 credit in free electives. 1.0 Total Credits 15.0 Biology and Biotechnology B.Sc. Honours (20.0 credits)

Biology B.A. (15.0 credits) Note: some advanced Biology courses with laboratory components will not be available to students enrolling in the B.A. program. A. Credits included in the Major CGPA (6.0 credits) 1. 1.5 credit in: 1.5 BIOL 1103 [0.5] Foundations of Biology I BIOL 1104 [0.5] Foundations of Biology II BIOL 1105 [0.5] Introduction to Biological Data 2. 2.0 credits from: 2.0 BIOL 2001 [0.5] Animals: Form and Function BIOL 2002 [0.5] Plants: Form and Function BIOL 2107 [0.5] Fundamentals of Genetics BIOL 2201 [0.5] Cell Biology and Biochemistry BIOL 2303 [0.5] Microbiology BIOL 2600 [0.5] Ecology 3. 2.5 credits in BIOL 2.5 B. Credits not included in the Major CGPA (9.0 credits) 4. 1.0 credit in: 1.0 CHEM 1001 [0.5] & CHEM 1002 [0.5] General Chemistry I General Chemistry II 5. 1.0 credit in Science Faculty Electives, not in BIOL 1.0 6. 4.0 credits in approved courses outside of the faculties of Science and Engineering and Design (but may include ISAP 1000 ) 4.0 7. 1.0 credit at the 2000-level or higher 1.0 8. 2.0 credits in free electives. 2.0 Total Credits 15.0 Biology B.A. Combined Honours (20.0 credits)

Minor in Biology (4.0 credits) The Minor in Biology is available to students registered in degree programs other than those offered by the Department of Biology. Students are required to present a Minor CGPA of 4.00 or higher at graduation in order to be awarded a Minor in Biology. Requirements (4.0 credits) 1. 1.0 credit in: 1.0 BIOL 1103 [0.5] Foundations of Biology I BIOL 1104 [0.5] Foundations of Biology II 2. 0.5 credit in BIOL at the 1000-level or higher: 0.5 3. 1.5 credit in BIOL at the 2000-level or higher 1.5 4. 1.0 credit in BIOL at the 3000-level or higher 1.0 Total Credits 4.0 Biology (BIOL) Courses BIOL 1010 [0.5 credit] Biotechnology and Society A course for students interested in the science behind recent advances in biotechnology. The different ways in which biotechnology is being applied in agriculture, health care, and the environment will be examined. Preclusion: credit will not be given if taken concurrently with or after BIOL 2200 or BIOC 2200 or BIOL 2201 . Students in Biology and Biochemistry programs may only take this course as a free elective. Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 1103 [0.5 credit] Foundations of Biology I A research-oriented course focusing on the scientific process of biological exploration at the cellular level. Topics include cell organization, metabolism, genetics, and reproduction. Prerequisite(s): Ontario 4U/M in Biology (or equivalent), or Ontario 4U/M in Chemistry (or equivalent). Lectures three hours a week, laboratory or tutorial three hours a week. BIOL 1104 [0.5 credit] Foundations of Biology II A research-oriented course focusing on the scientific process of biological exploration at the macroscale. Topics include evolution, diversity of life, and ecological relationships. Prerequisite(s): Ontario 4U/M in Biology (or equivalent) or BIOL 1103 . Lectures three hours a week, laboratory or tutorial three hours a week. BIOL 1105 [0.5 credit] Introduction to Biological Data Formulation of biological research questions, development of hypotheses and predictions, design of experiments, collection and analysis of data, interpretation and presentation of results. Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 1902 [0.5 credit] Natural History A course designed primarily for students in non-biology programs to investigate the natural history of plants and animals, and the communities in which they occur. Particular attention is paid to the Ottawa region, but appropriate examples from other locales are also included. Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 2001 [0.5 credit] Animals: Form and Function An introduction to the diverse structures of animals (both invertebrates and vertebrates) in relationship to their functions, discussed within an evolutionary framework. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1103 and BIOL 1104 . Lectures three hours a week, laboratory or tutorial three hours a week. BIOL 2002 [0.5 credit] Plants: Form and Function An introduction to the structure and development of higher plants (at cellular, morphological and organism levels) discussed in relation to their function. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1103 and BIOL 1104 . Lectures three hours a week, laboratory or tutorial three hours a week. BIOL 2005 [0.5 credit] Human Biology A course for non-specialists interested in how the human body works. Topics will include biological molecules, cells, genetics, and various organ systems. Examples will be used to connect concepts taught in the course with general knowledge of human health and disease. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1103 , CHEM 1001 , and CHEM 1002 . Students in Biology and Biochemistry programs may only take this course as a free elective. Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 2104 [0.5 credit] Introductory Genetics Lecture/laboratory course on the mechanisms of inheritance and the nature of gene structure, composition and function, introducing both classical Mendelian genetics and modern molecular genetics. It is strongly recommended that this course be taken by Biology majors in their second year of study. Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOL 2106 (no longer offered) and BIOL 2107 . Credit for BIOL 2106 will only be given if taken before BIOL 2104 . Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1103 and BIOL 1104 . Lectures three hours a week, laboratory or tutorial three hours a week. BIOL 2107 [0.5 credit] Fundamentals of Genetics Mechanisms of inheritance and the nature of gene structure, composition and function, introducing both classical Mendelian genetics and modern molecular genetics. Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOL 2104 and BIOL 2106 (no longer offered). Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1103 and BIOL 1104 . Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 2200 [0.5 credit] Cellular Biochemistry Cellular functions and their interrelationships. Introduction to thermodynamics, membrane structure and function, transport mechanisms, basic metabolic pathways, energy production and utilization, communications between cells. It is strongly recommended that Biology Majors and Honours students take this course in their second year of study. Also listed as BIOC 2200 . Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOL 2201 , CHEM 4401 . Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1103 , BIOL 1104 , CHEM 1001 , and CHEM 1002 . Lectures three hours a week, laboratory or tutorial four hours a week. BIOL 2201 [0.5 credit] Cell Biology and Biochemistry A study of the molecular, metabolic and structural organization of cells in relation to function. This course is recommended for students not taking upper year Biology laboratory courses for which BIOL/BIOC laboratories are prerequisites. Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOL 2200 , BIOC 2200 . Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1103 and CHEM 1002 . Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 2301 [0.5 credit] Biotechnology I An introductory course on the science, technology, entrepreneurial skills and business considerations related to biotechnology. The course will survey broadly across the disciplines of Biology, including applications in agriculture, health, environment and industry. Also listed as BTEC 2301 . Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1103 and BIOL 1104 . Lectures one and a half hours a week, workshops two hours a week. BIOL 2303 [0.5 credit] Microbiology The biology of the bacteria, Archaea, Viruses and Protozoans, from the fundamentals of cell chemistry, molecular biology, structure and function, to their involvement in ecological and industrial processes and human disease. Also listed as ENVE 2002 . Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for HLTH 2004 , HLTH 2024 . Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1103 . Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 2600 [0.5 credit] Ecology The scientific study of interactions of living organisms and their environment, and how these affect the distribution and abundance of life. Topics include energy transformation and flow, nutrient cycling, population and community dynamics, human impacts on ecosystems, conservation issues. Laboratory includes field and computer exercises. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1103 and BIOL 1104 . Lectures three hours a week, laboratory or tutorial four hours a week. BIOL 2903 [0.5 credit] Natural History and Ecology of Ontario Introduction to the remarkable diversity and ecological relationships of Ontario's flora and fauna, which are explored in a habitat context. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1104 or BIOL 1902 . Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 3004 [0.5 credit] Insect Diversity Introductory course dealing with the taxonomic diversity, anatomy, behavior and physiology of insects, as well as their impacts on ecosystems, agriculture and animal and human health. Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOL 4601. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2001 . Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 3008 [0.5 credit] Bioinformatics A practical exploration in the application of information technology to biochemistry and molecular biology. Insight into biological knowledge discovery via molecular structure and function prediction, comparative genomics and biological information management. Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOC 3008 (no longer offered), COMP 3308 (no longer offered). Prerequisite(s): BIOC 2200 or BIOL 2200 , or BIOL 2201 , or permission of the Department. Lectures two hours a week, computer workshop three hours a week. BIOL 3102 [0.5 credit] Mycology This introductory course will cover the morphology, physiology, life cycles, evolution, ecology and biotechnology of the fungi. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2104 or BIOL 2107 . Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 3104 [0.5 credit] Molecular Genetics A lecture course dealing with modern advances in molecular genetics. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2104 or BIOL 2107 or permission of the Department. Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 3110 [0.5 credit] Origin of Life An exploration of the main hypotheses, lines of evidence, and open questions to the origin of life. Topics include thermodynamics of life, the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis, the Miller-Urey experiment, the RNA world hypothesis, panspermia hypotheses, and a special focus on the alkaline hydrothermal vent hypothesis. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2200 or BIOL 2201 . Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 3111 [0.5 credit] Vertebrate Evolution: Mammals, Reptiles, and Birds Evolution of mammals, reptiles and birds. Emphasis on surveying amniote diversity, and the origin of key amniote transformations, as evidenced by the fossil record. Also listed as ERTH 3111 . Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2001 or permission of the Department. Lectures two hours a week and a laboratory three hours a week. BIOL 3112 [0.5 credit] Vertebrate Evolution: Fish and Amphibians Evolution of fish and amphibians. Emphasis on surveying fish and amphibian diversity, and the origin of key transformations of these groups, as evidenced by the fossil record. Also listed as ERTH 3112 . Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2001 or permission of the Department. Lectures two hours a week and a laboratory three hours a week. BIOL 3201 [0.5 credit] Cell Biology A lecture and laboratory course on the structure, composition, and function of eukaryotic cells. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2104 and BIOL 2200 / BIOC 2200 , or permission of the Department. Lectures three hours a week, laboratory four hours a week. BIOL 3202 [0.5 credit] Principles of Developmental Biology Introduction to the underlying principles and mechanisms governing development in multicellular animals and plants. Differentiation, growth, morphogenesis, and patterning will be examined at the organismal, cellular, and molecular levels to provide a balanced view of developmental phenomena in key model organisms. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2104 or BIOL 2107 and one of BIOL 2001 or BIOL 2002 , or permission of the Department. Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 3205 [0.5 credit] Plant Biochemistry and Physiology A lecture and laboratory course consisting of selected topics in metabolism and physiology of plants, including photosynthesis, nutrient uptake and transport, intermediary and secondary metabolism, germination, growth and development. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2002 and BIOL 2200 / BIOC 2200 , or permission of the Department. Lectures three hours a week, laboratory four hours a week. BIOL 3301 [0.5 credit] Biotechnology II An interdisciplinary course on interactions between science, invention and innovation in biotechnology. Case studies related to regional biotechnology opportunities; social and ethical issues impacting biotechnology. Also listed as BTEC 3301 . Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2301 , BIOL 2104 or BIOL 2107 , and BIOL 2200 / BIOC 2200 or BIOL 2201 , or permission of the Department. Lectures and laboratory/workshops three hours a week BIOL 3303 [0.5 credit] Experimental Microbiology Intensive training in laboratory techniques in microbiology, using bacteria and other microorganisms to demonstrate processes of cell growth, metabolism, gene expression, rapid evolution, gene transfer, microbial community dynamics and interactions with other organisms. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2104 , BIOL 2200 / BIOC 2200 and BIOL 2303 , or permission of the Department. Lecture/tutorial one and a half hours a week, laboratory four hours a week. BIOL 3305 [0.5 credit] Human and Comparative Physiology The properties of physiological systems and components of humans and other animals with an emphasis on physical and chemical bases. Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOL 3306 . Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2200 / BIOC 2200 and BIOL 2001 . Lectures three hours a week, laboratory four hours a week. BIOL 3306 [0.5 credit] Human Anatomy and Physiology The anatomy and physiology of the neuromuscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, and excretory systems of humans with comparison to other animals. Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOL 3305 . Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1103 , BIOL 1104 , CHEM 1001 , CHEM 1002 , and third-year standing. Lectures three hours per week. BIOL 3307 [0.5 credit] Advanced Human Anatomy and Physiology The anatomy and physiology of the endocrine, skeletal, digestive, immunological, and reproductive systems, with additional emphasis on the embryological origins of the major physiological systems. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3305 or BIOL 3306 . Lectures three hours per week, workshop or laboratory four hours per week. BIOL 3501 [0.5 credit] Biomechanics Properties of muscles, tendons, bones, joints and the co-ordinated use of these structures. Human and other animal locomotion and fitness, bird flight, especially the soaring of the vulture and the albatross, and animal migration are covered in detail. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1103 , BIOL 1104 , and third-year standing. Lectures three hours a week, workshop two hours a week. BIOL 3601 [0.5 credit] Ecosystems and Environmental Change Exploration of the unique contribution of the ecosystem approach to ecology, and of early key literature in ecosystem ecology through to current work on global environmental change. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2600 . Lectures three hours a week, laboratory four hours a week in six sessions. BIOL 3602 [0.5 credit] Conservation Biology The science of biology as applied to the problem of maintaining species diversity. Topics include: history of conservation biology, valuation of species, indices of biodiversity, extinction, conservation genetics, conservation planning in parks and reserves, landscape ecology and case studies of conservation problems. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2600 or permission of the Department. Lectures three hours a week and laboratory/workshop three hours a week. BIOL 3604 [0.5 credit] Statistics for Biologists Introduction to the analysis of biological data. Students analyze real biological data sets in weekly laboratory sessions. Methods introduced include simple linear, polynomial, and multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance, nonparametric tests, tests of independence and logistic regression analysis. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1105 or STAT 2507 . Lectures one and one-half hours and laboratory two and one-half hours a week. BIOL 3605 [0.5 credit] Field Course I An intensive study of living organisms under natural conditions. Credit is based on two weeks of full-time fieldwork with attendant assignments. Transportation and room and board costs are borne by the student. Ontario Universities Program in Field Biology; see offered modules for specific prerequisites. Also listed as NEUR 3203 , for animal behaviour modules only. Prerequisite(s): at least one course in BIOL beyond the 1000-level and written permission of the Department. Students may take both BIOL 3605 and BIOL 3606 for credit, but neither may be used to repeat a particular module. All day, approximately six days a week. BIOL 3606 [0.5 credit] Field Course II An intensive study of living organisms under natural conditions. Credit is based on two weeks of full-time fieldwork with attendant assignments. Transportation and room and board costs are borne by the student. Ontario Universities Program in Field Biology; see offered modules for specific prerequisites. Prerequisite(s): at least one course in BIOL beyond the 1000-level and written permission of the Department. Students may take both BIOL 3605 and BIOL 3606 for credit, but neither can be used to repeat a particular module. All day, approximately six days a week. BIOL 3608 [0.5 credit] Principles of Biogeography Contemporary and past controls on distribution of plants and animals at global, regional and local scales; significance of these distributions. Also listed as GEOG 3104 . Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2600 or GEOG 1010 or permission of the Department. Lectures, laboratory, and fieldwork five hours a week. BIOL 3609 [0.5 credit] Evolutionary Concepts Evolution is the change in population properties across generations. Genetic variation, mutation, selection, drift, gene flow, genome evolution, speciation, development, biodiversity, fossils, and macro-evolution. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2104 or BIOL 2107 or permission of the instructor. Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 3611 [0.5 credit] Evolutionary Ecology The term “adaptation” is meaningful only with respect to an ecological context. Ecological contexts lead to evolutionary outcomes such as diverse mating systems, ageing, sexual reproduction, sexual dimorphism, geographic variation, phenotypic plasticity, and diverse life histories. Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOL 4608. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2600 . Lectures three hours a week; one field trip. BIOL 3612 [0.5 credit] Computational Methods in Ecology and Evolution Introduction to the development and use of computer programs to address biological problems. Topics include the development of programs to analyse ecological data, models of population dynamics, deterministic chaos, cellular automata, simulations of foraging behaviour and evolutionary computation. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2600 or permission of the Department. Lectures two hours per week, workshop three hours per week. BIOL 3801 [0.5 credit] Plants and Herbivores Exploration of the chemical, physiological, ecological and evolutionary interactions that underlie the relationship between plants and their insect herbivores. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2001 and BIOL 2002 . Lectures/seminars three hours a week. BIOL 3802 [0.5 credit] Animal Behaviour Advanced study of animal behaviour including the environmental, genetic, and neural influences on behaviour. Topics such as predator-prey interactions, mating behaviour, migration, parental care and social interactions are interpreted in an evolutionary context. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2001 or BIOL 2600 or permission of the Department. Lectures and workshop/tutorials three hours a week. BIOL 3804 [0.5 credit] Social Evolution Diversity in social behaviour from evolutionary and ecological perspectives. Topics include ecological determinants of social living, social networks, social foraging, inclusive fitness, kin selection, altruism, cooperation, and mating systems and strategies. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2600 , or permission of the Department. Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 3901 [0.5 credit] Research Proposal The development of a competitive research proposal in consultation with an advisor. Prerequisite(s): third year standing in an Honours Biology program and permission of the Department. BIOL 3902 [0.5 credit] Special Topics in Biology I Specific topics of current interest. Topics may vary from year to year. Prerequisite(s): third-year standing in a Biology program or permission of the Department. Lecture, seminars, or workshops three hours per week. BIOL 3999 [0.0 credit] Co-operative Work Term Report Practical experience for students enrolled in the Co-operative Option. Students must receive satisfactory evaluations from their work term employer. Written reports describing the work term project will be required. Graded SAT or UNS. Prerequisite(s): registration in the Biology Co-operative Option and permission of the Department. BIOL 4007 [0.5 credit] Evolutionary Developmental Paleobiology This course explores the mechanistic basis of organismic evolution from genetic, morphogenetic and epigenetic perspectives, within a phylogenetic context of living and extinct vertebrates. Also listed as ERTH 4007 . Prerequisite(s): ERTH 2312 or BIOL 2001 , and BIOL 2104 . Lectures or seminars three hours per week. BIOL 4008 [0.5 credit] Molecular Plant Development Recent advances in plant development including molecular, biochemical, genomics, and proteomics studies. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2002 or permission of the Department. Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 4102 [0.5 credit] Molecular Ecology The interface of molecular biology, ecology and population biology. Topics include experimental design and a survey and critique of molecular genetic methods to study ecology. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2600 and ( BIOL 2104 or BIOL 2107 ) or permission of the Department. Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 4103 [0.5 credit] Population Genetics Evolution of gene frequencies, including selection, mutation, genetic drift, inbreeding, gene flow, and population structure. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2104 or BIOL 2107 or permission of the Department. A course in statistics is highly recommended. Lectures and seminars three hours a week. BIOL 4104 [0.5 credit] Evolutionary Genetics An overview of the molecular evidence of evolution, speciation as well as the phylogenetic analysis of biological sequence data and biometrical traits. Prerequisite(s): ( BIOL 2001 or BIOL 2002 ) and ( BIOL 2104 or BIOL 2107 ) or permission of the Department. A course in statistics is recommended. Lectures and computer lab three hours a week. BIOL 4106 [0.5 credit] Advances in Molecular Biology Review of the application of high throughput approaches to research in molecular and cellular biology and biochemistry with an emphasis on gene function and human disease progression. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2303 and ( BIOL 3104 or BIOL 3201 or BIOL 3303 ). Lectures and seminars three hours a week. BIOL 4109 [0.5 credit] Laboratory Techniques in Molecular Genetics This laboratory course provides practical familiarity with commonly used techniques in molecular genetics. The laboratory is suitable for students with a developing interest in problems of molecular and cellular biology and biochemistry. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2200 / BIOC 2200 and BIOL 2303 and BIOL 3104 or permission of the Department. Lecture/laboratory six hours a week in two sessions. BIOL 4200 [0.5 credit] Immunology The organization and function of the immune system, including the anatomy of the immune system, the properties and behaviour of cells of the immune system, and the molecular and genetic bases of the immune response. Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOC 4200 (no longer offered). Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3201 or permission of the Department. Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 4201 [0.5 credit] Advanced Cell Culture and Tissue Engineering Theory and application of current techniques and developments in cell culture as applied to research questions in the field of stem cells and tissue engineering. Also listed as BIOC 4201 . Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3201 or permission of the Department. Laboratory four hours per week, tutorial one hour a week. Labs require regular participation outside of the scheduled lab time to maintain cell cultures and set up or complete experiments. BIOL 4202 [0.5 credit] Mutagenesis and DNA Repair A mechanistic study of mutagenesis and DNA repair. Topics include DNA structure perturbations, spontaneous and induced mutagenesis, the genetics and biochemistry of DNA repair and recombination, and the role of mutations in the development of genetic disease and cancer. Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOC 4202 (no longer offered). Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3104 and BIOL 2200 / BIOC 2200 or permission of the Department. Lectures and tutorial three hours a week. BIOL 4203 [0.5 credit] Evolution of Sex The evolution of sex, including meiosis, syngamy, sex determination, sex chromosomes, and gender from organismal, genetic, and developmental perspectives; the origin, maintenance, function, and ubiquity of sex. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2104 or BIOL 2107 . Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 4206 [0.5 credit] Human Genetics A survey of human genetic variation and mutation in a molecular genetics context. Topics may include molecular basis of diseases, chromosomal abnormalities, genomic imprinting, cancer genetics, genomics, gene mapping and gene therapy. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3104 or permission of the Department. Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 4207 [0.5 credit] Advanced Embryology & Developmental Biology A laboratory-based exploration of techniques and recent developments in the use of model embryological systems as applied to questions of development and human health. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3201 or BIOL 3202 or permission of the Department. Laboratory four hours per week, tutorial one hour a week. Labs require regular participation outside of the scheduled lab time to set up or complete experiments. BIOL 4209 [0.5 credit] Advanced Plant Physiology An advanced course dealing with recent developments in selected topics of plant physiology. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3205 and CHEM 2203 , CHEM 2204 or permission of the Department. Lectures/discussion three hours a week. BIOL 4300 [0.5 credit] Applied Microbiology Studies of the application of microorganisms. Topics may include: microbial communities, and agricultural, pharmaceutical, industrial and health sciences. Prerequisite(s): ( BIOL 2200 / BIOC 2200 or BIOL 2201 ), BIOL 2303 and ( BIOL 3104 or BIOL 3303 ) or permission of the Department. Lectures and tutorial three hours a week. BIOL 4301 [0.5 credit] Current Topics in Biotechnology Explorations of developing biotechnologies in areas such as microbial products, protein engineering, plant genetic engineering, environmental remediation, pharmaceuticals production and medical diagnostics and therapy. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3301 or permission of the Department. Lectures and tutorials four hours a week. BIOL 4303 [0.5 credit] Advances in Microbiology Exploration of current microbiology including the molecular biology of infectious agents, use of model micro-organisms to study human cells and diseases, and functional genomics and proteomics. Special attention will be paid to the field’s "big questions". Students will critically examine a number of research proposals. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2303 and ( BIOL 3104 or BIOL 3303 or BIOC 3102 ) or permission of the Department. Lectures three hours per week. BIOL 4304 [0.5 credit] Forensic Biology An introduction to forensics that covers topics in molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, population genetics and statistics as they relate to forensic biology. The course will describe the techniques used to identify body fluids and generate DNA profiles as well as the interpretation of forensic results. Prerequisite(s): ( BIOL 2104 or BIOL 2107 ) and ( BIOL 2200 / BIOC 2200 or BIOL 2201 ) or permission of the Department. Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 4306 [0.5 credit] Animal Neurophysiology A course dealing with recent advances made in particular areas of animal neurophysiology. Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOL 4305. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3305 or BIOL 3306 , or permission of the Department. Lectures two hours a week, workshops or laboratory four hours a week. BIOL 4309 [0.5 credit] Studies in Human Performance Biomechanical underpinnings of human performance including the quantitative analysis of human motion in normal activities and in athletic performance. Students will learn modern motion capture methods. This course will require students to design and execute an independent project. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3307 and fourth-year standing, or permission of the Department. Lecture three hours per week, workshop/labs three hours per week. BIOL 4317 [0.5 credit] Neuroethology: The Neural Basis of Animal Behaviour Proximate mechanisms underlying animal behaviour. Focus on evolution of nervous systems in response to environmental selection pressures. Topics include: genetic and hormonal influences on behaviour (e.g. maternal care); unique sensory worlds (e.g. magnetic); various levels of neural integration, from simple reflexes to complex social behaviour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3305 or BIOL 3306 , or permission of the Department. Lectures three hours a week. BIOL 4318 [0.5 credit] Adaptations to Extreme Environments Lectures, discussions and student presentations will be used to examine adaptations of animals to extreme environments (e.g. desert) or lifestyles (e.g. diving), at the physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. Emphasis on becoming familiar with the current primary literature. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3305 , or permission of the Department. Lectures/workshops three hours a week. BIOL 4319 [0.5 credit] Studies in Exercise Physiology Physiological mechanisms underlying human athletic performance. Exercise physiology and cardio-respiratory activity, metabolic regulation and musculoskeletal function. Practical experience will be gained in the workshop/laboratory based experimental sessions. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3307 and fourth-year standing, or permission of the Department. Lectures two hours per week, workshop/labs three hours per week. BIOL 4500 [0.5 credit] The Biology of Birds Introduction to ornithology, the study of birds; the evolution of birds, migration, geographic variation, adaptations for flight, feeding, reproduction; extinction and preservation. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2001 or permission of the Department. Lectures three hours per week. BIOL 4501 [0.5 credit] The Taxonomy of Birds The taxonomy of birds and species identification are learned through the use of study skins in the lab. Field excursions allow first-hand study of various species. Participants must acquire a pair of binoculars and one of the recommended field guides. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2001 or permission of the Department. Laboratory/field excursions four hours per week. BIOL 4502 [0.5 credit] Herpetology Herpetology is the study of amphibians and reptiles. The behaviours, physiological ecology, conservation and identification of amphibians and reptiles will be examined through lectures, seminars and hands-on activities. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2001 . Lectures or seminars three hours per week. BIOL 4503 [0.5 credit] Fish Ecology, Conservation and Management Introduction to the diversity and environmental biology of the world's fishes. Applied issues in fisheries management, conservation, and aquaculture. Workshops expose students to techniques in fisheries science through hands-on demonstrations and field excursions. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2600 or permission of the Department. Lectures/seminars two hours a week, plus labs/workshops two hours a week. BIOL 4504 [0.5 credit] Ecology of Freshwater Invertebrates Overview of the diversity and ecology of freshwater invertebrates. Aquatic invertebrates from local bodies of water will be sampled and identified in the lab. Experiments on the ecology and behaviour of model species of freshwater invertebrates will also be conducted in the lab. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2001 and BIOL 2600 . Seminar and lab four hours a week. BIOL 4505 [0.5 credit] Coral Reefs Examining the diversity of life on coral reefs and their interactions across ecological scales, from the biochemistry of zooxanthellae symbiosis to landscape scale trophodynamics, reticulate evolution, and reef fisheries. Emphasis is on synthesis writing drawn from the current primary literature. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2600 . Lectures/seminars three hours a week BIOL 4506 [0.5 credit] Cactus Biology Covers the cactus family over its entire range, including most of the western hemisphere, with discussion on their anatomy, physiology, ecology, evolution, and classification. Topics include how cacti are both typical flowering plants in some regards, and atypical in others. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2002 . Lectures/seminars three hours a week BIOL 4507 [0.5 credit] Ecological Parasitology Key concepts in the ecological study of parasites and pathogens, underpinned by evolutionary thinking and relevant to fundamental and applied questions of co-evolution, disease ecology, epidemiology, emerging infectious diseases, environmental parasitology, evolutionary transitions, host species range, immunity, resistance, tolerance, transmission mode, and virulence. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2600 and one of the following: BIOL 3601 , BIOL 3604 , BIOL 3609 , BIOL 3611 , BIOL 3612 , BIOL 3801 , BIOL 3802 , BIOL 3804 . Lectures or seminars 3 hours per week. BIOL 4602 [0.5 credit] Evolutionary Applications across Disciplines: From Medicine to Conservation Evolutionary principles contributing to advancements across fields including medicine, agriculture, conservation, climate change, and engineering. Topics include evolution of virulence, causes of variation in human health, evolution of resistance to pesticides, interventions for recovery of species at risk, and biomimetic modeling in engineering and architecture. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1104 and third-year standing. Lectures/workshops three hours per week. BIOL 4603 [0.5 credit] Insect Evolution and Biology Major questions on the origin, evolution and adaptation of structures and physiology of terrestrial arthropods, especially insects. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3004 , or permission of the Department. Lectures two hours a week, laboratory four hours a week. BIOL 4604 [0.5 credit] Landscape Ecology Landscape ecology is the study of how landscape structure affects ecological processes and biodiversity. The focus of this course is on research methods and results in landscape ecology, with special emphasis on applications in forestry, agriculture, and species conservation. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2600 and ( BIOL 3601 or BIOL 3602 or BIOL 3608 ) or permission of the Department. Lecture three hours a week. BIOL 4802 [0.5 credit] Advanced Animal Behaviour Contemporary issues in behavioural ecology. Topics may include the relevance of behavioural ecology to conservation biology, to new insights into human social behaviour, and will be selected through consultation between professor and students. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3802 or BIOL 3804 , or permission of the Department. Lectures or workshops three hours a week. BIOL 4810 [0.5 credit] Education Research in Undergraduate Science Introduction to learning and teaching university science. The science of learning, evidence of effective teaching, and teaching methodologies. Professional ethics, constructivist learning, equity and inclusion. Discipline-Based Education Research (DBER). Students will conduct their own DBER research project. Prerequisite(s): 4th year standing, or permission of the Department This course can only be used by students in programs offered by, or in conjunction with, the Faculty of Science as a free elective. Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as ISAP 5504 , for which additional credit is precluded. Seminar three hours per week, classroom-based research one hour per week. BIOL 4901 [0.5 credit] Directed Special Studies Independent or group study, open to third- and fourth-year students to explore a particular topic, in consultation with a Faculty supervisor. May include directed reading, written assignments, tutorials, laboratory or field work. Prerequisite(s): permission of the Department. Students normally may not offer more than 1.0 credit of Directed Special Studies in their program. BIOL 4902 [0.5 credit] Special Topics in Biology II Specific topics of current interest. Topics may vary from year to year. Prerequisite(s): fourth-year standing in a Biology program or permission of the Department. Lecture, seminars, or workshops three hours per week. BIOL 4905 [1.0 credit] Honours Workshop Students engage in biological topics of their choosing, an evidence-based synthesis developed and presented through multiple scientific communication methods (e.g., narrative review papers, media releases, infographics, and oral and poster presentations). Evaluation is based on written syntheses, course assignments, and a year-end presentation. Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOL 4907 and BIOL 4908 . Prerequisite(s): fourth-year standing in an Honours biology program and permission of the Department. Workshops three hours per week. BIOL 4907 [1.0 credit] Honours Essay and Research Proposal An independent critical review and research proposal, using library resources, under the direct supervision of a Faculty advisor. Evaluation is based on a written report and a poster presentation. Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOL 4905 and BIOL 4908 . Prerequisite(s): fourth-year standing in an Honours Biology program and permission of the Department. BIOL 4908 [1.0 credit] Honours Research Thesis An independent research project undertaken in the field and/or the laboratory, under the direct supervision of a faculty adviser. Evaluation is based on a written thesis and a poster presentation. Precludes additional credit for Precludes additional credit for BIOL 4905 and BIOL 4907 . Prerequisite(s): fourth-year standing in an Honours biology program with a minimum CGPA of 8.0 in the major or permission of the Department. Note: Not all courses listed are offered in a given year. For an up-to-date statement of course offerings for the current session and to determine the term of offering, consult the class schedule at central.carleton.ca . Summer session: some of the courses listed in this Calendar are offered during the summer. Hours and scheduling for summer session courses will differ significantly from those reported in the fall/winter Calendar. To determine the scheduling and hours for summer session classes, consult the class schedule at central.carleton.ca Co-operative Education For more information about how to apply for the Co-op program and how the Co-op program works please visit the Co-op website . All students participating in the Co-op program are governed by the Undergraduate Co-operative Education Policy. Undergraduate Co-operative Education Policy Admission Requirements Students can apply to Co-op in one of two ways: directly from high school, or after beginning a degree program at Carleton. If a student applies to a degree program with a Co-op option from high school, their university grades will be reviewed two terms to one year prior to their first work term to ensure they meet the academic requirements after their first or second year of study. The time at which the evaluation takes place depends on the program of study. Students will automatically receive an admission decision via their Carleton email account. Students who did not request Co-op at the time they applied to Carleton can request Co-op after they begin their university studies. To view application instructions and deadlines, please visit carleton.ca/co-op . To be admitted to Co-op, a student must successfully complete 5.0 or more credits that count towards their degree, meet the minimum CGPA requirement(s) for the student's Co-op option, and fulfil any specified course prerequisites. To see the unique admission and continuation requirements for each Co-op option, please refer to the specific degree programs listed in the Undergraduate Calendar. Participation Requirements Co-op Participation Agreement All students must adhere to the policies found within the Co-op Participation Agreement. COOP 1000 Once a student has been admitted to the Co-op Program, they will be given access to register in COOP 1000. This zero-credit online course must be completed at least two terms prior to the student's first work term. Communication with the Co-op Office Students must maintain contact with the Co-op Office during their job search and while on a work term. All email communication will be conducted via the students' Carleton email account. Employment Although every effort is made to ensure a sufficient number of job postings for all Co-op students, no guarantee of employment can be made. The Co-op job search process is competitive, and success is dependent upon factors such as current market conditions, academic performance, skills, motivation, and level of commitment to the job search. It is the student's responsibility to apply for positions via the Co-op job board in addition to actively conducting a self-directed job search. Students who do not obtain a co-op work term are expected to continue with their academic studies. It should be noted that hiring priority for positions within the Federal Government of Canada is given to Canadian citizens. Registration Students must be registered as full-time during all fall and winter study terms beginning the term in which they enroll in COOP 1000. Students will be registered in a Co-op Work Term course while at work. This course does not carry academic course credit, but is noted on academic transcripts. Students may register in a 0.5 credit during a work term, provided the course is offered during the evening or is offered asynchronously online. Students must have at least one term of full-time studies left to complete following their final co-op work term. Students cannot end their degree on a work term. Work Term Assessment and Evaluation Work Term Evaluation Employers are responsible for submitting to Carleton University final performance evaluations for their Co-op students at the end of their work terms. Work Term Assessment In order to successfully complete the co-op work term, students must receive a Satisfactory (SAT) grade on their Co-op Work Term Report, which they must submit at the completion of each four-month work term. Graduation with the Co-op Designation In order to graduate with the Co-op Designation, students must satisfy all requirements of the degree program in addition to the successful completion of three or four work terms (the number is dependent upon the student's academic program). Students found in violation of the Co-op Participation Agreement may have the Co-op Designation withheld. Note: Participation in the co-op option will add up to one additional year for a student to complete their degree program. Voluntary Withdrawal from the Co-op Option Students who are currently on a co-op work term or who have already committed to a co-op work term either verbally or in writing may not leave the position and/or withdraw from the co-op option until they have completed the work term and all related requirements. Involuntary or Required Withdrawal from the Co-op Option Students may be removed from the Co-op Program for any of the following reasons: Failure to achieve a grade of SAT in COOP 1000; Failure to attend all interviews for positions to which the student has applied; Declining more than one job offer during the job search; Reneging on a co-op position that the student has accepted either verbally or in writing; Continuing a job search after accepting a co-op position; Dismissal from a work term by the co-op employer; Leaving a work term without approval from the Co-op Management Team; Receipt of an unsatisfactory work term evaluation; Receiving a grade of UNS on the work term report. International Students All international students are required to be legally eligible to work in Canada. Students are advised to discuss requirements with the Global Opportunities & International Student Services Office. Co-op Fees All participating Co-op students are required to pay Co-op fees. For full details, please see the Co-op website . B.Sc. Honours Biology, Bioinformatics: Co-op Admission and Continuation Requirements Maintain full-time status in each study term; Be eligible to work in Canada (for off-campus work); Have successfully completed COOP 1000 . In addition to the following: Registered as a full-time student in the B.Sc. Honours Biology or Bioinformatics program; Successfully completed 5.0 or more credits; Obtained an Overall CGPA of at least 6.50 and a Major CGPA of at least 8.00. These CGPAs must be maintained throughout the duration of the degree. B.Sc. Honours Biology and Bioinformatics students must successfully complete three (3) work terms to obtain the Co-op Designation. Work Term Course : BIOL 3999 Work/Study Pattern: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Term Pattern Term Pattern Term Pattern Term Pattern Term Pattern Fall S Fall S Fall S Fall W Fall S Winter S Winter S Winter S Winter W Winter S Summer Summer W Summer W Summer W B.Sc. Combined Honours Neuroscience and Biology Maintain full-time status in each study term; Be eligible to work in Canada (for off-campus work); Have successfully completed COOP 1000 . In addition to the following: Registered as a full-time student in the B.Sc. Combined Honours Neuroscience and Biology program; Successfully completed 5.0 or more credits; Obtained an Overall CGPA of at least 6.50 and a Major CGPA of at least 8.00. These CGPAs must be maintained throughout the duration of the degree. B.Sc. Combined Honours Neuroscience and Biology students must successfully complete three (3) work terms to obtain the Co-op Designation. Work Term Course : NEUR 3999 , BIOL 3999 Work-Study Pattern: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Term Pattern Term Pattern Term Pattern Term Pattern Term Pattern Fall S Fall S Fall S Fall W Fall S Winter S Winter S Winter S Winter W Winter S Summer Summer W Summer W Summer W Legend S : Study W : Work B.Sc. Regulations The regulations presented in this section apply to all Bachelor of Science programs. In addition to the requirements presented here, students must satisfy the University regulations common to all undergraduate students including the process of Academic Continuation Evaluation (see the Academic Regulations of the University section of this Calendar). Breadth Requirement for the B.Sc. Students in a Bachelor of Science program must present the following credits at graduation: 2.0 credits in Science Continuation courses not in the major discipline; students completing a double major are considered to have completed this requirement providing they have 2.0 credits in Science Continuation courses in each of the two majors; 2.0 credits in courses outside of the faculties of Science and Engineering and Design (may include ISAP 1000) In most cases, the requirements for individual B.Sc. programs, as stated in this Calendar, contain these requirements, explicitly or implicitly. Students admitted to B.Sc. programs by transfer from another institution must present at graduation (whether taken at Carleton or elsewhere): 2.0 credits in courses outside of the faculties of Science and Engineering and Design (may include ISAP 1000) if the student received fewer than 10.0 transfer credits; or, 1.0 credit in courses outside of the faculties of Science and Engineering and Design (may include ISAP 1000) if the student received 10.0 or more transfer credits. Declared and Undeclared Students Degree students are considered "Undeclared" if they have been admitted to a degree, but have not yet selected and been accepted into a program within that degree. The status "Undeclared" is available only in the B.A. and B.Sc. degrees. Undeclared students must apply to enter a program upon or before completing 3.5 credits. Change of Program within the B.Sc. Degree To transfer to a program within the B.Sc. degree, applicants must normally be Eligible to Continue (EC) in the new program, by meeting the CGPA thresholds described in Section 3.1.9 of the Academic Regulations of the University. Applications to declare or change programs within the B.Sc. degree must be made online through Carleton Central by completing a Change of Program Elements (COPE) application form within the published deadlines. Acceptance into a program, or into a program element or option, is subject to any enrolment limitations, and/or specific program, program element or option requirements as published in the relevant Calendar entry. Minors, Concentrations, and Specializations Students may add a Minor, Concentration, or Specialization by completing a Change of Program Elements (COPE) application form online through Carleton Central. Acceptance into a Minor, Concentration, or Specialization normally requires that the student be Eligible to Continue (EC) and is meeting the minimum CGPAs described in Section 3.1.9 of the Academic Regulations of the University , as well as being subject to any specific requirements of the intended Minor, Concentration, or Specialization as published in the relevant Calendar entry. Experimental Science Requirement Students in a B.Sc. degree program must present at graduation at least two full credits of Experimental Science chosen from two different departments or institutes from the list below: Approved Experimental Science Courses Biochemistry BIOC 2200 [0.5] Cellular Biochemistry BIOC 3103 [0.5] Experimental Biochemistry I: Principles and Practices BIOC 3104 [0.5] Experimental Biochemistry II: Research Experience BIOC 4001 [0.5] Methods in Biochemistry BIOC 4201 [0.5] Advanced Cell Culture and Tissue Engineering Biology BIOL 1103 [0.5] Foundations of Biology I BIOL 1104 [0.5] Foundations of Biology II BIOL 2001 [0.5] Animals: Form and Function BIOL 2002 [0.5] Plants: Form and Function BIOL 2104 [0.5] Introductory Genetics BIOL 2200 [0.5] Cellular Biochemistry BIOL 2600 [0.5] Ecology Chemistry CHEM 1001 [0.5] General Chemistry I CHEM 1002 [0.5] General Chemistry II CHEM 2103 [0.5] Physical Chemistry I CHEM 2203 [0.5] Organic Chemistry I CHEM 2204 [0.5] Organic Chemistry II CHEM 2302 [0.5] Analytical Chemistry I CHEM 2303 [0.5] Analytical Chemistry II CHEM 2800 [0.5] Foundations for Environmental Chemistry Earth Sciences ERTH 1002 [0.5] The Earth and Life Odyssey: A Journey Through Billions of Years ERTH 2102 [0.5] Mineralogy to Petrology ERTH 2404 [0.5] Engineering Geoscience ERTH 2802 [0.5] Field Geology I ERTH 3111 [0.5] Vertebrate Evolution: Mammals, Reptiles, and Birds ERTH 3112 [0.5] Vertebrate Evolution: Fish and Amphibians ERTH 3204 [0.5] Mineral Deposits ERTH 3205 [0.5] Physical Hydrogeology Food Sciences FOOD 3001 [0.5] Food Chemistry FOOD 3002 [0.5] Food Analysis FOOD 3005 [0.5] Food Microbiology Geography GEOG 1010 [0.5] Global Environmental Systems GEOG 3108 [0.5] Soil Properties Neuroscience NEUR 3206 [0.5] Sensory and Motor Neuroscience NEUR 3207 [0.5] Systems Neuroscience NEUR 4600 [0.5] Advanced Lab in Neuroanatomy Physics PHYS 1001 [0.5] Foundations of Physics I PHYS 1002 [0.5] Foundations of Physics II PHYS 1003 [0.5] Introductory Mechanics and Thermodynamics PHYS 1004 [0.5] Introductory Electromagnetism and Wave Motion PHYS 1007 [0.5] Elementary University Physics I PHYS 1008 [0.5] Elementary University Physics II PHYS 2007 [0.5] Second Year Physics Laboratory: Selected Experiments and Seminars PHYS 3007 [0.5] Third Year Physics Laboratory: Selected Experiments and Seminars PHYS 3606 [0.5] Modern Physics II PHYS 3608 [0.5] Modern Applied Physics Course Categories for B.Sc. Programs